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quantum mechanics

The study of systems that are on such a small scale that the ideas of quantum state and quantization must be applied. There are two fundamental differences between quantum mechanics and classical physics (e.g. Hamilton\'s equations). First, the parameters associated with a quantum system (e.g. the position and momentum of an electron) are directly affected by the act of measuring them. Second, the parameters are not precise values but are instead expressed in terms of probability distributions (e.g. the squared modulus of the wavefunction is the probability distribution for position).

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